杂交水稻

为探讨3种不同类型水稻土中水稻产量、养分吸收量及肥料利用率对施肥的响应，2022—2023年在豫南典型水稻土地区，选取白散土、黄胶土和潮壤土3个水稻土土种，设置5个施肥处理，分别为不施肥对照（CK）、磷钾肥（PK）、氮钾肥（NK）、氮磷肥（NP）、氮磷钾肥（NPK），进行了2 a水稻田间定位试验。结果表明，土壤类型、施肥及土壤类型与施肥互作对水稻农艺性状指标、养分吸收量、秸秆产量、籽粒产量及其构成要素的影响达到了显著或极显著水平。3种不同类型水稻土中，不施氮肥处理（CK和PK）的水稻氮磷钾吸收量、秸秆产量和籽粒产量趋势不同，而施氮处理（NK、NP和NPK）除了NP处理的秸秆产量表现为白散土>潮壤土>黄胶土外，其余处理均表现为白散土>黄胶土>潮壤土。施肥显著提高了水稻株高、穗长、茎粗、有效穗数、每穗总粒数、千粒重、氮磷钾吸收量、秸秆产量和籽粒产量，在各施肥处理中均以NPK处理最高，其中潮壤土中，NPK处理较其他处理的水稻氮累积吸收量、磷累积吸收量、钾累积吸收量、秸秆产量和籽粒产量分别提高15.2%～52.8%、11.9%～56.3%、13.1%～62.7%、5.2%～39.6%和13.1%～52.7%，黄胶土中分别提高10.9%～52.5%、8.5%～53.7%、4.6%～55.8%、9.3%～44.1%和9.6%～86.6%，白散土中分别提高13.7%～75.8%、9.4%～77.6%、6.5%～73.0%、6.8%～35.5%和7.6%～71.7%。在本试验中，水稻对钾肥的利用率最高（54.0%～61.7%），其次是氮肥（38.8%～46.0%），对磷肥的利用率最低（8.1%～17.5%），氮肥和钾肥利用率均表现为白散土>黄胶土>潮壤土，而磷肥利用率表现出相反的趋势。综合考虑水稻农艺性状、养分吸收量、产量、肥料利用率等指标，3个水稻土土种均以NPK为最佳施肥处理，依据白散土、黄胶土和潮壤土土壤质地和肥力，建议在黄胶土上推荐本研究氮磷钾施用量，在潮壤土上适当减施磷肥，在白散土上适当增施氮肥、减施钾肥，从而实现水稻高产优质。

In order to explore the response of rice yield, nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency in three different types of paddy soils, a two-year(2022—2023) field-based stationary experiment was carried out in the typical paddy soil region of southern Henan Province. Three paddy soils, namely white loose soil, melinite soil and tidal loam soil, which are representative of local paddy soil resources, were selected and five fertilization treatments were set up, including non-fertilization control(CK), phosphorus-potassium fertilization(PK), nitrogen-potassium fertilization(NK), nitrogenphosphorus fertilization(NP), nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilization(NPK). The results showed that the effects of soil type, fertilization and the interaction of soil type and fertilization on agronomic traits, nutrient uptake, straw yield,grain yield and its components of rice were significant or highly significant. In three different types of paddy soils, the trends of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake, straw yield and grain yield of rice were different in the nitrogenfree treatments(CK and PK). In the nitrogen-applied treatments(NK, NP and NPK), except that the straw yield of the NP treatment showed the order of white loose soil > tidal loam soil > melinite soil, the rest of the treatments showed the order of white loose soil > melinite soil > tidal loam soil. Fertilization significantly increased plant height, panicle length, stem diameter, the number of effective panicles, total number of grains per panicle, 1 000-grain weight, nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium uptake, straw yield and grain yield of rice, and the NPK treatment was the highest in all fertilization treatments. Compared with the other treatments, the NPK treatment increased the cumulative N uptake,P uptake, K uptake, straw yield and grain yield of rice by 15.2%～52.8%, 11.9%～56.3%, 13.1%～62.7%, 5.2%～39.6%and 13.1%～52.7%, respectively, in the tidal loam soil, by 10.9%～52.5%, 8.5%～53.7%, 4.6%～55.8%, 9.3%～44.1%and 9.6%～86.6%, respectively, in the melinite soil, and by 13.7%～75.8%, 9.4%～77.6%, 6.5%～73.0%, 6.8%～35.5%and 7.6%～71.7%, respectively, in the white loose soil. In this experiment, the utilization rate of potassium fertilizer by rice was the highest(54.0%～61.7%), followed by that of nitrogen fertilizer(38.8%～46.0%), and the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer was the lowest(8.1%～17.5%). The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer showed the trend of white loose soil > melinite soil > tidal loam soil, while the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer showed the opposite trend among these soil types. Considering the agronomic traits, nutrient absorption, yield and fertilizer utilization rate of rice comprehensively, the NPK fertilization treatment was the best fertilization treatment for all three paddy soil types. Based on the soil texture and fertility of white loose soil, melinite soil and tidal loam soil, it is recommended that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium determined in this study should be applied for the melinite soil, a proper reduction in the application of phosphorus fertilizer should be done for the tidal loam soil,and an appropriate increase in nitrogen fertilizer application and a decrease in potassium fertilizer application should be conducted for the white loose soil, so as to achieve high-quality and high-yield rice production.